%PDF-1.2 %忏嫌 10 0 obj << /Length 11 0 R >> stream BT 43.56 726.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf -0.009 Tc 0.033 Tw (College of Natural Resources Policy Analysis Group) Tj 0 -14.28 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0136 Tc 0.0645 Tw ( Jay O\222Laughlin, Director) Tj 0 -14.16 TD /F1 9.96 Tf -0.0134 Tc 0.0046 Tw ( P.O. Box 441134, 幸运快三, Moscow, ID 83844-1134) Tj 0 -13.68 TD -0.0148 Tc 0.0059 Tw ( Phone: 208-885-5776 e-mail: jayo@uidaho.edu ) Tj 0 -13.56 TD -0.0154 Tc 0.0065 Tw ( FAX: 208-885-6226 website: http://www.cnr.uidaho.edu/pag ) Tj 342 32.52 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0.0547 Tw ( College of Natural Resources ) Tj 0 -15.24 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.0625 Tw ( Experiment Station) Tj -18 -15.24 TD -0.0185 Tc 0.0693 Tw ( Steven B. Daley Laursen, Director) Tj -191.28 -611.04 TD /F1 8.04 Tf -0.0083 Tc 0.0532 Tw (College of Natural Resources Policy Analysis Group \226 幸运快三) Tj -79.32 -13.8 TD -0.004 Tc 0.0489 Tw (Established by the 幸运快三 legislature in 1989 to provide objective analysis of the impacts of natural resource proposals.) Tj 35.52 -13.92 TD 0.0021 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Issue Briefs are timely summaries of research reports relevant to current natural resource topics. ) Tj ET 70.8 72.24 466.56 1.08 re f BT 68.64 624.36 TD /F1 15.96 Tf 0.0153 Tc -0.0122 Tw ( Issue Brief No. 3) Tj 122.64 0 TD /F2 15.96 Tf 0 Tc -0.03 Tw ( ) Tj -122.64 -31.68 TD /F1 15.96 Tf 0.0065 Tc -0.0034 Tw ( September 2003) Tj ET 72.72 581.4 468.24 1.68 re f q 200.52 0 0 40.68 363.72 713.16 cm /im1 Do endstream endobj 11 0 obj 1557 endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Name /im1 /Width 1200 /Height 243 /BitsPerComponent 1 /Decode [ 1 0 ] /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /Length 15 0 R >> stream ` ??????????8x|??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>?????????0???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????|???????@????????xp@ endstream endobj 15 0 obj 36450 endobj 18 0 obj << /Length 19 0 R >> stream Q q 58.56 0 0 -54.84 481.44 640.68 cm /im2 Do endstream endobj 19 0 obj 49 endobj 16 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Name /im2 /Width 244 /Height 229 /BitsPerComponent 1 /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /Length 17 0 R >> stream ??????Ay??x忇区狺808`0c?~@ 8噜??~~@????????8?<??????????~?~?~?~?|?~>赌??赌赌??赌赌?赌赌?赌?赌赌?虫虫虫虫88<< ? ? ????????唼?p endstream endobj 17 0 obj 7099 endobj 20 0 obj << /Length 21 0 R >> stream Q BT 276.72 346.2 TD /F1 14.04 Tf -0.009 Tc 0 Tw (Summary) Tj -96.72 -32.4 TD 0.004 Tc 0.0529 Tw (Prospective purchasers and operators of) Tj -10.2 -16.2 TD 0.0101 Tc 0.0468 Tw (businesses in \223Superfund\224 hazardous waste) Tj -4.8 -16.2 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.0475 Tw (cleanup sites, such as northern 幸运快三\222s Silver) Tj 17.04 -16.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0562 Tw (Valley, face potential liability for cleanup) Tj 0 -16.2 TD 0.0197 Tc 0.0372 Tw (costs. This is less of a concern for small) Tj -5.28 -16.2 TD 0.009 Tc 0.0479 Tw (businesses since the 2002 Brownfield Act) Tj -3.96 -16.2 TD -0.0068 Tc 0.0637 Tw (amendments to Superfund law that provide) Tj 56.52 -16.2 TD -0 Tc 0.0575 Tw (some relief from liability. ) Tj ET 154.8 181.92 1.08 184.32 re f 457.56 181.92 1.08 184.32 re f 154.8 365.16 303.72 1.08 re f 154.8 181.8 303.72 1.08 re f 150.36 177.36 2.76 193.32 re f 460.32 177.36 2.76 193.32 re f 150.36 367.92 312.72 2.76 re f 150.36 177.36 312.72 2.76 re f BT 141 502.68 TD /F0 20.04 Tf -0.0139 Tc -0.0373 Tw (Superfund Liability Reform in 2002) Tj 158.76 -42 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (by) Tj -97.08 -13.8 TD 0.0173 Tc 0.0067 Tw (Jay O\222Laughlin, Professor and Director) Tj -35.28 -13.8 TD 0.0095 Tc 0.0145 Tw (College of Natural Resources Policy Analysis Group) Tj 63.48 -13.8 TD 0.015 Tc 0.009 Tw (幸运快三, Moscow) Tj ET 72 643.68 468.12 1.68 re f endstream endobj 21 0 obj 1407 endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 12 0 R >> /XObject << /im1 14 0 R /im2 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents [ 10 0 R 18 0 R 20 0 R ] >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Length 28 0 R >> stream BT 54 745.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1 ) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc (!) Tj 165 0 TD /F4 11.04 Tf 0.0139 Tc -0.0139 Tw (Superfund Liability Reform in 2002) Tj 314.16 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc 0 Tw (!) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc ( 1) Tj ET 54 742.08 504.12 1.08 re f BT 261.48 704.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (Short Summary) Tj -207.48 -28.08 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0125 Tc 0.0125 Tw (Before 2002, prospective purchasers and operators of businesses in Superfund hazardous waste cleanup) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0185 Tc 0.0185 Tw (sites, such as northern 幸运快三\222s Silver Valley, faced potential liability for cleanup costs. As reported in) Tj T* -0.0265 Tc 0.0265 Tw (PAG Report #6 \(MacCracken and O\222Laughlin 1991\), Superfund law can attach liability, like a tar baby,) Tj T* -0.02 Tc 0.02 Tw (to buyers, sellers, agents, and lenders, thereby casting a dark cloud over potential economic development) Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0157 Tw (activities. Potential liability has been reduced for small businesses by the 2002 Brownfields Act) Tj T* -0.0159 Tc 0.0159 Tw (amending CERCLA, the Superfund law. ) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0249 Tc 0.0249 Tw (Because of the recent changes in Superfund law, U.S. Senator Larry Craig\222s office in Coeur d\222Alene) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0236 Tc 0.0236 Tw (requested that the College of Natural Resources Policy Analysis Group at the 幸运快三 modify) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0172 Tc 0.0172 Tw (its earlier findings as they are published on the Internet. This PAG Issue Brief is intended to do that. This) Tj T* -0.0241 Tc 0.0241 Tw (brief does not offer legal advice, but provides a summary of and references to more thorough analyses) Tj T* -0.0143 Tc 0.0143 Tw (available for those concerned about Superfund liability, who would be wise to seek legal counsel. ) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0082 Tc 0.0082 Tw (The remainder of this issue brief summarizes the 2002 Brownfields Act provisions affecting) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.023 Tc 0.023 Tw (Superfund liability. A brief history of Superfund law \(CERCLA\), especially liability, is provided for) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.0092 Tw (context. Conclusions are that because of partial reform of Superfund law and other development) Tj T* -0.0182 Tc 0.0182 Tw (assistance programs, Silver Valley communities have a brighter future.) Tj 177.84 -28.56 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0033 Tc 0.0273 Tw (Liability Reform Summary) Tj -177.84 -28.08 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0219 Tc 0.0219 Tw (Superfund law \(\223CERCLA\224\) was amended by the Brownfields Act in January 2002 to protect a variety) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0184 Tc 0.0184 Tw (of groups from liability, including those who sent only very small quantities of hazardous waste to a) Tj T* -0.0127 Tc 0.0127 Tw (Superfund site, who only sent municipal solid waste, and several categories of \223innocent parties\224) Tj T* -0.0111 Tc 0.0111 Tw (\(Bromm 2003, Reisch 2003\). The new law clarifies the \223innocent landowner\224 defense \(Meltz 2002,) Tj T* -0.0176 Tc 0.0176 Tw (Reisch 2003\). It also provides protection from Superfund liability for owners of land contaminated by a) Tj T* -0.0205 Tc 0.0205 Tw (source on contiguous property, and for prospective purchasers of property that is known to be) Tj T* -0.0169 Tc 0.0169 Tw (contaminated. These provisions essentially codify existing EPA policy \(Bromm 2003, Reisch 2003\).) Tj T* -0.0112 Tc 0.0112 Tw (According to the Real Estate Roundtable \(RER 2002\) the Brownfields Act does the following:) Tj T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( \225) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0147 Tc 0.0147 Tw (Protects purchasers of brownfield properties from Superfund liability under CERCLA, even if they) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0114 Tc 0.0114 Tw (knew of the contamination at the time of purchase;) Tj -18 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( \225) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0224 Tc 0.0224 Tw (Protects owners from Superfund liability if they hold property contaminated by pollution that) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0149 Tc 0.0149 Tw (migrated from other sources;) Tj -18 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( \225) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0205 Tc 0.0205 Tw (Protects property purchasers \(and their tenants\) of contaminated properties from Superfund liability.) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0183 Tc 0.0183 Tw (In order to preserve this liability shield, purchasers must offer access and cooperation to regulators) Tj T* -0.016 Tc 0.016 Tw (and take \223reasonable care\224 steps with respect to prior releases. Although the government cannot) Tj T* -0.0212 Tc 0.0212 Tw (recover remediation costs from these purchasers, a lien may be placed on the property if its) Tj T* -0.0216 Tc 0.0216 Tw (unrecovered cleanup costs resulted in an increase of the property\222s value;) Tj -18 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( \225) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0216 Tc 0.0216 Tw (Prohibits federal enforcement of Superfund regulations against any person \227 including a party who) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.023 Tc 0.023 Tw (owned or operated property at the time of a release \227 who cleans up a contaminated property under) Tj T* -0.0145 Tc 0.0145 Tw (a state voluntary cleanup program. This enforcement bar would be limited to eligible properties, but) Tj T* -0.0246 Tc 0.0246 Tw (exclude any site that has been already designated for cleanup under federal programs. This) Tj T* -0.0094 Tc 0.0094 Tw (enforcement prohibition is not absolute. In exceptional cases, the federal government could initiate) Tj T* -0.0241 Tc 0.0241 Tw (enforcement proceedings against a party who had completed a voluntary cleanup under state law;) Tj -18 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( \225) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0222 Tc 0.0222 Tw (Protects owners of property contaminated by pollution that migrated from other property under) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0163 Tc 0.0163 Tw (separate ownership. Owners of property contiguous to sites with contaminated groundwater cannot) Tj T* -0.0124 Tc 0.0124 Tw (be required to undertake a ground water investigation or cleanup if that contamination flows under) Tj T* -0.0153 Tc 0.0153 Tw (the property, except in unusual circumstances; and) Tj ET endstream endobj 28 0 obj 6095 endobj 22 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F2 12 0 R /F3 23 0 R /F4 25 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 27 0 R >> endobj 30 0 obj << /Length 31 0 R >> stream BT 54 745.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (2 ) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc (!) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 156.72 0 TD /F4 11.04 Tf 0.0139 Tc -0.0139 Tw (Superfund Liability Reform in 2002) Tj 314.16 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc 0 Tw (!) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc ( 2) Tj ET 54 742.08 504.12 1.08 re f BT 54 704.76 TD /F2 12 Tf ( \225) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0145 Tc 0.0145 Tw (Clarifies that compliance with the American Society for Testing and Materials \(ASTM\) due) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0147 Tc 0.0147 Tw (diligence standard meets the \223all appropriate inquiry\224 standard to establish an innocent landowner) Tj T* -0.0181 Tc 0.0181 Tw (defense for non-residential property. If a purchaser complies with the ASTM standard and finds no) Tj T* -0.0124 Tc 0.0124 Tw (contamination, a liability defense would exist if contamination is subsequently discovered. For a) Tj T* -0.0161 Tc 0.0161 Tw (purchaser of residential property, the due diligence standard is less demanding \(RER 2002\).) Tj 122.88 -28.56 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0178 Tc 0.0418 Tw (History of Superfund Law \(\223CERCLA\224\)) Tj 218.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj -359.76 -28.08 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0112 Tc 0.0112 Tw (Superfund is the principal federal program for cleaning up the nation\222s worst hazardous waste sites in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.011 Tc 0.011 Tw (order to protect the public health and the environment from releases of hazardous substances \(MBA) Tj T* -0.0136 Tc 0.0136 Tw (2002, Reisch 2003\). It was created by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and) Tj T* -0.0226 Tc 0.0226 Tw (Liability Act, or CERCLA \(Publ. Law No. 96-510, enacted in 1980, as amended\). CERCLA, the) Tj T* -0.016 Tc 0.016 Tw (Superfund law, was designed to clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites around the country. The law) Tj T* -0.0106 Tc 0.0106 Tw (also established a Superfund Trust Fund that was supported by dedicated taxes \(Reisch 2003\), primarily) Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0053 Tw (excise taxes on petroleum and specified chemicals and a corporate environmental income tax \(NSPE) Tj T* -0.0152 Tc 0.0152 Tw (2002\). Before the collection of these taxes expired in 1995, they raised about $1.5 billion per year. Since) Tj T* -0.0163 Tc 0.0163 Tw (then, the only sources of Superfund Trust Fund revenues are those recovered from potentially) Tj T* -0.0044 Tc 0.0044 Tw (responsible parties \(PRPs\), interest on the Fund\222s investments, fines, and penalties \(NSPE 2002\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0133 Tc 0.0133 Tw (Despite its good intentions, CERCLA and the Superfund program have proven to be bureaucratic,) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0193 Tc 0.0193 Tw (complicated, and costly \(NAIOP 2003; see, for example, DeLong 1997\). Superfund law has imposed) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.008 Tc 0.008 Tw (retroactive, and at times unfair, burdens on private citizens and companies without regard to their) Tj T* -0.0179 Tc 0.0179 Tw (negligence or fault, and it has curtailed economic growth and development \(NAIOP 2003\).) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0297 Tc 0.0537 Tw (Superfund Liability.) Tj 111.84 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0219 Tc 0.0219 Tw ( Under the Superfund liability scheme, when a property is purchased the new) Tj -111.84 -14.16 TD -0.0266 Tc 0.0266 Tw (landowner becomes liable for any release or threat of release of a hazardous substance at the facility.) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0178 Tc 0.0178 Tw (Superfund is a strict liability statute and all parties are jointly and severally liable for \223all costs of) Tj T* -0.0208 Tc 0.0208 Tw (removal or remedial action incurred by the United States Government or a State\224 or \223any other necessary) Tj T* -0.0209 Tc 0.0209 Tw (costs or response incurred by any other person.\224 A new landowner could be held responsible for the) Tj T* -0.0165 Tc 0.0165 Tw (entire clean-up without actually causing the contamination \(MBA 2002\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0117 Tc 0.0117 Tw (Potentially responsible parties \(PRPs\) are liable under the Superfund law for the costs of cleanup) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0126 Tc 0.0126 Tw (associated with releases of hazardous substances, and for damages in the form of monetary) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.015 Tc 0.015 Tw (compensation for injuries to publicly owned natural resources \(Reisch 2003\). The law\222s liability standard) Tj T* -0.0104 Tc 0.0104 Tw (is strict, joint and several, and retroactive. Generators of hazardous substances, transporters who selected) Tj T* -0.0096 Tc 0.0096 Tw (the disposal site, and past and present owners and operators of the site can all be held liable. The law) Tj T* -0.0104 Tc 0.0104 Tw (also allows PRPs to sue other parties, usually generators of hazardous waste, to contribute to the cost of) Tj T* -0.0069 Tc 0.0069 Tw (cleanup. This has sometimes led to hundreds of people, including small businesses, being brought into) Tj T* -0.0217 Tc 0.0217 Tw (Superfund\222s liability net. Because the law\222s stringent liability regime has drawn in many parties to pay) Tj T* -0.0115 Tc 0.0115 Tw (for hazardous waste cleanup, the law became unpopular in some quarters \(Reisch 2003\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0219 Tc 0.0219 Tw (The Superfund liability system has serious flaws \(ABC 2003\). Levels of cleanup under the law are) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0125 Tc 0.0125 Tw (inconsistent from one site to another. Cleanup costs and risk levels are very high because of a liability) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0188 Tc 0.0188 Tw (scheme generally considered unfair and conducive to excessive litigation. The average cost of cleanup is) Tj T* -0.01 Tc 0.01 Tw (about $30 million per site. The law has been especially burdensome on small businesses and other minor) Tj T* -0.024 Tc 0.024 Tw (parties who get caught unfairly in the liability net \(ABC 2003\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.013 Tc 0.013 Tw (The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \(EPA\) is responsible for administering the Superfund) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0148 Tc 0.0148 Tw (law. According to Helmstetter and Schiller \(2002\), the EPA always has been uncomfortable with) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0127 Tc 0.0127 Tw (Superfund\222s impact on small parties. Even under its policy of fair and equitable enforcement, EPA\222s) Tj T* -0.0109 Tc 0.0109 Tw (modus operandi in Superfund litigation has been to concentrate on major potentially responsible parties) Tj T* -0.0081 Tc 0.0081 Tw (\(PRPs\). But the major PRPs frequently pursued their rights of contribution against all other PRPs,) Tj ET endstream endobj 31 0 obj 6555 endobj 29 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 12 0 R /F3 23 0 R /F4 25 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 30 0 R >> endobj 33 0 obj << /Length 34 0 R >> stream BT 54 745.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (3 ) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc (!) Tj 165 0 TD /F4 11.04 Tf 0.0139 Tc -0.0139 Tw (Superfund Liability Reform in 2002) Tj 314.16 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc 0 Tw (!) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc ( 3) Tj ET 54 742.08 504.12 1.08 re f BT 54 704.76 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0112 Tc 0.0112 Tw (including local shopkeepers and the Little Sisters of the Poor. And because joint and several Superfund) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0113 Tc 0.0113 Tw (liability attached to any PRP that contributed a thimbleful of hazardous substances to the site, even the) Tj T* -0.01 Tc 0.01 Tw (smallest parties were willing to pay hundreds, sometimes thousands, of dollars in settlement rather than) Tj T* -0.0067 Tc 0.0067 Tw (become enmeshed in Superfund litigation. The inequities often were most dramatic at municipal solid) Tj T* -0.0094 Tc 0.0094 Tw (waste disposal sites at which industrial waste and household trash had been commingled for decades. On) Tj T* -0.0179 Tc 0.0179 Tw (a case-by-case basis the EPA has tried to blunt third-party collection efforts against the smallest) Tj T* -0.0102 Tc 0.0102 Tw (contributors by granting them contribution protection for one dollar or other nominal amount; but EPA\222s) Tj T* -0.009 Tc 0.009 Tw (pre-emptive strikes often gave rise to additional litigation as the major PRPs either challenged EPA\222s) Tj T* -0.0115 Tc 0.0115 Tw (right to preempt, or sought a corrected allocation \(Helmstetter and Schiller 2002\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0168 Tc 0.0168 Tw (In 1993, the EPA moved to address criticisms of the Superfund program by starting what became) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0194 Tc 0.0194 Tw (three rounds of 49 administrative reforms to make the agency\222s operation of the program faster, fairer,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0173 Tc 0.0173 Tw (and more efficient \(Reisch 2003\). Although industry groups gave the EPA credit for improving the) Tj T* -0.0173 Tc 0.0173 Tw (program, many said additional changes requiring legislation were still needed. From an industry) Tj T* -0.0194 Tc 0.0194 Tw (perspective, reforms should have included replacing CERCLA\222s liability regime, reforming cleanup) Tj T* -0.0195 Tc 0.0195 Tw (standards and remedy selection, changing the law\222s provisions on natural resource damages, and) Tj T* -0.0126 Tc 0.0126 Tw (instituting a different means of funding the program \(Reisch 2003\).) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0017 Tc 0.0257 Tw (Superfund Reauthorization Attempts in the 1990s.) Tj 284.76 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0142 Tc 0.0142 Tw ( Although there were three serious proposals) Tj -284.76 -14.16 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.0106 Tw (to change Superfund law through comprehensive reauthorization in the 103rd to 106th Congresses \(i.e.,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0147 Tc 0.0147 Tw (1993-2000\), none of these bills reached the floor in either chamber because of opposition by key) Tj T* -0.0124 Tc 0.0124 Tw (members \(Reisch 2003\). Several issues proved particularly challenging in these attempts to reauthorize) Tj T* -0.0182 Tc 0.0182 Tw (CERCLA. The issues most debated were liability, remedy selection, cleanup standards, state role, and) Tj T* -0.0198 Tc 0.0198 Tw (the amount of natural resource damages liable parties must pay. These issues are briefly discussed by) Tj T* -0.0139 Tc 0.0139 Tw (Reisch \(2003\), along with comments on how the reported bills during that time generally would have) Tj T* -0.0034 Tc 0.0034 Tw (dealt with these issues. ) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0171 Tc 0.0171 Tw (Because the liability scheme of Superfund law \227 joint and several liability on a strict and retroactive) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0117 Tc 0.0117 Tw (basis \227 drew in many parties, sometimes hundreds at a particular site, in protracted and expensive) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0132 Tc 0.0132 Tw (litigation, the bills of the 1990s consequently provided protection against Superfund liability for more) Tj T* -0.0096 Tc 0.0096 Tw (than a dozen categories of parties. Not all categories appeared in each bill. To limit litigation the bills) Tj T* -0.0131 Tc 0.0131 Tw (would have established an allocation process, conducted by a neutral person, to divide cleanup costs) Tj T* -0.0124 Tc 0.0124 Tw (among responsible parties. Those not accepting the allocation would have been subject to CERCLA\222s) Tj T* -0.0097 Tc 0.0097 Tw (joint and several liability \(Reisch 2003\). These bills did not become law.) Tj 113.88 -28.56 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0018 Tc 0.0222 Tw (Liability Reform in 2002 \227 The Brownfields Act) Tj 269.52 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj -383.4 -27.72 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0142 Tc 0.0142 Tw (Although Congress had been highly critical of the Superfund program throughout the 1990s, little) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0084 Tc 0.0084 Tw (movement to reform it occurred until late 2001 when legislation expediting the clean up of) Tj T* -0.0147 Tc 0.0147 Tw (\223brownfields\224 was enacted \(NSPE 2002\). In December 2001, Congress passed the Small Business) Tj T* -0.0152 Tc 0.0152 Tw (Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act \(Publ. Law No.107-118\). After President George W.) Tj T* -0.0143 Tc 0.0143 Tw (Bush signed the Brownfields Act on January 11, 2002, its amendments to the Superfund law \(CERCLA\)) Tj T* -0.0138 Tc 0.0138 Tw (may have blunted some criticism \(Reisch 2003\). The Brownfields Act attracted significant support from) Tj T* -0.0132 Tc 0.0132 Tw (environmental organizations, the real estate industry, and local governments \(RER 2002\). ) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.007 Tc 0.007 Tw (The new law has two titles within it, reflecting the combined House and Senate bills. This brief) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0133 Tc 0.0133 Tw (refers to them together as the Brownfields Act, which revises or amends some portions of CERCLA.) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0134 Tc 0.0134 Tw (The Act reforms federal Superfund law, which has been the major hindrance to brownfields cleanup.) Tj T* -0.0171 Tc 0.0171 Tw (This Act provides liability protection for prospective purchasers, contiguous property owners, and) Tj T* -0.0127 Tc 0.0127 Tw (innocent landowners. In addition it authorizes increased funding for state and local programs that assess) Tj T* -0.0106 Tc 0.0106 Tw (and clean up brownfields \(White House 2002\). The Act authorizes $250 million annually from FY02-06) Tj ET endstream endobj 34 0 obj 6394 endobj 32 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 12 0 R /F3 23 0 R /F4 25 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 33 0 R >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Length 37 0 R >> stream BT 54 745.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (4 ) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc (!) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 156.72 0 TD /F4 11.04 Tf 0.0139 Tc -0.0139 Tw (Superfund Liability Reform in 2002) Tj 314.16 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc 0 Tw (!) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc ( 4) Tj ET 54 742.08 504.12 1.08 re f BT 54 704.76 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0055 Tc 0.0055 Tw (to fund assessment and cleanup activities, with $200 million authorized to fund state and local grants for) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0104 Tc 0.0104 Tw (brownfields assessment and cleanup, and $50 million for grants to enhance state and local cleanups) Tj T* -0.0093 Tc 0.0093 Tw (\(NSPE 2002\). The Act also provides common sense relief from Superfund liability for small business) Tj T* -0.0067 Tc 0.0067 Tw (owners who sent waste or trash to waste sites, thus protecting innocent small businesses while ensuring) Tj T* -0.0062 Tc 0.0062 Tw (that polluted sites continue to be cleaned up by those most responsible for the contamination \(White) Tj T* -0.0087 Tc 0.0087 Tw (House 2002\).) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0234 Tc 0 Tw (What is a \223brownfield\224?) Tj 136.56 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0205 Tc 0.0205 Tw (There are approximately 400,000 \223brownfield\224 sites in the country. The) Tj -143.28 -14.16 TD -0.0079 Tc 0.0079 Tw (EPA defines these as abandoned, idled, or underutilized industrial or commercial facilities where) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0137 Tc 0.0137 Tw (expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination \(MBAA) Tj T* -0.006 Tc 0 Tw (2002\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0131 Tc 0.0131 Tw (Brownfields differ from Superfund sites in the degree of contamination. Superfund sites pose a real) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0075 Tc 0.0075 Tw (threat to human health and/or the environment. Brownfields, on the other hand, do not pose serious) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0236 Tc 0.0236 Tw (health or environmental threat. Instead they represent an economic or social threat because they prevent) Tj T* -0.0091 Tc 0.0091 Tw (development and therefore stifle local economies \(NSPE 2002\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.0116 Tw (While brownfields can present excellent redevelopment opportunities, they are an underutilized asset) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0088 Tc 0.0088 Tw (that could help communities address a number of issues, including revitalizing urban areas, increasing) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0127 Tc 0.0127 Tw (tax revenues, and promoting sustainable growth. In order to participate in brownfields redevelopment,) Tj T* -0.0108 Tc 0.0108 Tw (lenders and developers must determine an acceptable balance of risk and potential return on investment.) Tj T* -0.0185 Tc 0.0185 Tw (This determination requires analysis of a complex array of state and federal environmental laws and) Tj T* -0.0164 Tc 0.0164 Tw (regulations \(MBAA 2002\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0157 Tc 0.0157 Tw (The Mortgage Bankers Association of America \(MBAA 2002\) believes that environmental laws) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0093 Tc 0.0093 Tw (should facilitate redevelopment of urban areas, including brownfields sites, and provide appropriate) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0167 Tc 0.0167 Tw (protections against liability for lenders and developers. MBAA joined with other industry groups in) Tj T* -0.0071 Tc 0.0071 Tw (support of legislation that will clean up and redevelop thousands of brownfield sites across the nation.) Tj T* -0.0106 Tc 0.0106 Tw (MBAA testified at Congressional hearings in support of the Brownfields Amendments legislation and) Tj T* -0.0143 Tc 0.0143 Tw (lobbied for its passage \(MBAA 2002\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.0074 Tw (The Brownfields Act will aid states and localities in cleaning up polluted industrial sites \(MBAA) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0147 Tc 0.0147 Tw (2002\). The act provides: [1] the application of federal prevailing wage rates to new state grant programs) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0097 Tc 0.0097 Tw (for cleanups; [2] the exemption of small businesses from liability if they do not contribute a significant) Tj T* -0.0085 Tc 0.0085 Tw (amount of waste; [3] an exemption for innocent purchasers from having to pay decontamination costs if) Tj T* -0.0072 Tc 0.0072 Tw (toxic waste is found on a site after it has been purchased; and [4] a finality provision limiting EPA\222s) Tj T* -0.0149 Tc 0.0149 Tw (ability to require further cleanup of a site that has been declared clean, except in the following instances:) Tj T* -0.0025 Tc 0.0025 Tw ([a] if a state requests EPA to intervene; [b] EPA determines contamination has crossed state lines; [c]) Tj T* -0.0033 Tc 0.0033 Tw (there is \223imminent and substantial\224 endangerment to the environment and the public; or [d] EPA) Tj T* -0.0109 Tc 0.0109 Tw (determines there is new information \(MBAA 2002\). ) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0092 Tc 0.0332 Tw (Liability Reforms.) Tj 100.56 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0159 Tc 0.0159 Tw ( The Brownfields Act \(Public Law No. 107-118\) is divided into two Titles. Title I,) Tj -100.56 -14.16 TD -0.0079 Tc 0.0079 Tw (subtitled the Small Business Liability Protection Act, carves out small-contributor exemptions from) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0127 Tc 0.0127 Tw (CERCLA liability with respect to pending and future Superfund litigation \(Helmstetter and Schiller) Tj T* -0.0086 Tc 0.0086 Tw (2002\). These provisions should provide much-welcomed liability relief to small businesses and parties) Tj T* -0.0434 Tc 0.0434 Tw (sending only very small \() Tj 121.08 0 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.0072 Tc 0.0072 Tw (de micromis) Tj 58.92 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0047 Tc 0.0047 Tw (\) amounts of hazardous substances to a Superfund disposal site,) Tj -180 -14.16 TD -0.0127 Tc 0.0127 Tw (parties that otherwise would be subject to CERCLA\222s harsh liability provisions \(Brendel 2002\). Under) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0095 Tc 0.0095 Tw (the small business liability provisions of the law, Section 107 of CERCLA was amended to provide an) Tj T* -0.0018 Tc 0.0018 Tw (exemption for businesses that disposed of less than 100 gallons of liquid or less than 200 pounds of solid) Tj T* -0.0128 Tc 0.0128 Tw (hazardous material. It also exempts from Superfund liability households or businesses that employ no) Tj T* -0.0079 Tc 0.0079 Tw (more than 100 workers and those that disposed of only municipal solid waste at a Superfund site \(NSPE) Tj ET endstream endobj 37 0 obj 6472 endobj 35 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 12 0 R /F3 23 0 R /F4 25 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 36 0 R >> endobj 39 0 obj << /Length 40 0 R >> stream BT 54 745.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (5 ) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc (!) Tj 165 0 TD /F4 11.04 Tf 0.0139 Tc -0.0139 Tw (Superfund Liability Reform in 2002) Tj 314.16 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc 0 Tw (!) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc ( 5) Tj ET 54 742.08 504.12 1.08 re f BT 54 704.76 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.006 Tc (2002\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.0092 Tw (Title II, subtitled the Brownfields Revitalization and Environmental Restoration Act of 2001,) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0137 Tc 0.0137 Tw (codifies and authorizes funding for a national program for the cleanup and redevelopment of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.0096 Tw (contaminated real estate \(Helmstetter and Schiller 2002\). The remainder of this section provides an) Tj T* -0.0152 Tc 0.0152 Tw (overview of the liability reforms in both Title I and Title II, as it is sometimes difficult to tell from the) Tj T* -0.0156 Tc 0.0156 Tw (references cited herein which title deals with which form of liability relief.) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0153 Tc 0.0153 Tw (The Act offers these liability-reducing features: [1] the innocent-landowner defense, available to) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0121 Tc 0.0121 Tw (persons who acquire land after the hazardous substance is put there, and who \(among other things\) find) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0103 Tc 0.0103 Tw (no contamination before acquisition despite \223all appropriate inquiry\224; [2] use of the innocent-landowner) Tj T* -0.0273 Tc -0.0327 Tw (status as a basis for early ) Tj 122.04 0 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.0013 Tc 0.0013 Tw (de minimis) Tj 52.32 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw ( settlement with EPA; and [3] exemption of the \223bona fide) Tj -174.36 -14.16 TD -0.0182 Tc 0.0182 Tw (prospective purchaser\224 from \223owner\224 and \223operator\224 liability despite pre-acquisition awareness of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0117 Tc 0.0117 Tw (contamination on the property, if certain conditions are met \(see Meltz 2002 for details\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0145 Tc 0.0145 Tw (The Act clarifies the Superfund law\222s \223innocent landowner\224 defense. CERCLA provides a defense) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0185 Tc 0.0185 Tw (against liability for a person who unknowingly purchased contaminated land, provided the person made) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0112 Tc 0.0112 Tw (\223all appropriate inquiry\224 prior to the transaction. The Act spells out what comprises all appropriate) Tj T* -0.0179 Tc 0.0179 Tw (inquiry for the purchaser to qualify as an innocent landowner under the law. These provisions would) Tj T* -0.0216 Tc 0.0216 Tw (apply to all contaminated sites, not just brownfields \(Reisch 2003\). Lenders and recyclers were granted) Tj T* -0.0091 Tc 0.0091 Tw (relief in other legislation \(Reisch 2003\). ) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0145 Tc 0.0145 Tw (In addition, the Act discourages PRPs from bringing third-party contribution actions against exempt) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.024 Tc 0.024 Tw (parties by shifting the burden of proof to the private-party plaintiffs and by creating the risk of an) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0164 Tc 0.0164 Tw (attorney\222s fee award to a prevailing defendant. Thus, the decision whether or not to sue small) Tj T* -0.0083 Tc 0.0083 Tw (contributors in the future will, for the most part, be left to the EPA, which probably will decline to do so) Tj T* -0.0152 Tc 0.0152 Tw (unless it determines that a particular party has contributed significantly to the contamination ) Tj T* -0.007 Tc 0.007 Tw (\(Helmstetter and Schiller 2002\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0184 Tc 0.0184 Tw (The EPA issued interim guidance clarifying some of the conditions that contiguous property owners) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0187 Tc 0.0187 Tw (\(\223CPOs\224\), bona fide prospective purchasers \(\223BFPPs\224\), or innocent landowners \(\223ILOs\224\) must meet to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0133 Tc 0.0133 Tw (qualify for the liability limitations provided in the Brownfields Act \(Bromm 2003\). In addition, the EPA) Tj T* -0.0154 Tc 0.0154 Tw (issued guidance on the definition of eligible response site provided in the law and how the agency plans) Tj T* -0.0041 Tc 0.0041 Tw (to implement its authorities to exclude particular sites from the definition of an eligible response site.) Tj T* -0.0124 Tc 0.0124 Tw (Both guidance documents clarify how the EPA intends to use its enforcement discretion in specific) Tj T* -0.0093 Tc 0.0093 Tw (situations not to pursue certain potentially liable parties. Links to the EPA Website addresses containing) Tj T* -0.0185 Tc 0.0185 Tw (these guidance documents \(e.g., Bromm 2003\) are provided by the EPA \(2003\). As the EPA gains more) Tj T* -0.0241 Tc 0.0241 Tw (experience implementing the Brownfields Act, the agency may revise this guidance. According to) Tj T* -0.005 Tc 0.005 Tw (Bromm \(2003\), the EPA welcomes comments on this guidance and its implementation, with comments) Tj T* -0.0126 Tc 0.0126 Tw (submitted to contacts identified by Bromm \(2003\). ) Tj 216 -28.56 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0098 Tc 0 Tw (Conclusions) Tj -216 -28.08 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0.0143 Tw (Although the Brownfields Act did not provide the total overhaul of CERCLA that many Superfund) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0187 Tc 0.0187 Tw (critics had hoped for, the law does revise several key liability provisions \(Brendel 2002\). In sum, this) Tj T* -0.0083 Tc 0.0083 Tw (legislation is designed to spur the redevelopment of contaminated industrial/commercial properties) Tj T* -0.0127 Tc 0.0127 Tw (\(known as \223brownfields\224\) by [1] authorizing increased funding for assessment and remediation of these) Tj T* -0.016 Tc 0.016 Tw (brownfield sites; [2] providing \(or clarifying\) liability protection for certain landowners under the) Tj T* -0.0168 Tc 0.0168 Tw (Superfund statute \(e.g., bona fide prospective purchasers, contiguous property owners and innocent) Tj T* -0.0119 Tc 0.0119 Tw (landowners\); [3] providing liability relief for some generators of municipal solid wastes \(e.g., small) Tj T* -0.0168 Tc 0.0168 Tw (businesses, non-profits\), and for very small \() Tj 213.96 0 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.0072 Tc 0.0072 Tw (de micromis) Tj 58.92 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0107 Tc 0.0107 Tw (\) contributors of hazardous substances at) Tj -272.88 -14.16 TD -0.0113 Tc 0.0113 Tw (federal Superfund sites; and [4] providing a bar on enforcement by the U.S. Environmental Protection) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0179 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Agency \(EPA\) at sites where response actions are conducted in compliance with a state brownfield) Tj ET endstream endobj 40 0 obj 6560 endobj 38 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F2 12 0 R /F3 23 0 R /F4 25 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 39 0 R >> endobj 43 0 obj << /Length 44 0 R >> stream BT 54 745.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (6 ) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc (!) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 156.72 0 TD /F4 11.04 Tf 0.0139 Tc -0.0139 Tw (Superfund Liability Reform in 2002) Tj 314.16 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc 0 Tw (!) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc ( 6) Tj ET 54 742.08 504.12 1.08 re f BT 54 704.76 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.019 Tc 0.019 Tw (cleanup program. These legislative changes should not only serve as an incentive to reuse and redevelop) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0103 Tc 0.0103 Tw (brownfield properties, but also should have an impact upon the disposition of any real estate in the) Tj T* -0.0086 Tc 0.0086 Tw (United States \(Howard 2002\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0284 Tc 0.0284 Tw (In the past, concerns about Superfund liability have discouraged many property owners and) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0131 Tc 0.0131 Tw (developers from getting involved with brownfield projects \(Hird 2002\). The liability reform in the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0167 Tc 0.0167 Tw (Brownfields Act provisions are intended to allay those concerns by providing substantial protection for) Tj T* -0.0235 Tc 0.0235 Tw (new purchasers and property owners undertaking voluntary cleanup. But the liability reform protections) Tj T* -0.0089 Tc 0.0089 Tw (are not absolute: Each comes with qualifications and exceptions, so that the federal government may) Tj T* -0.0145 Tc 0.0145 Tw (take enforcement action in unusual cases. Nonetheless, the very existence of these protections, even) Tj T* -0.0136 Tc 0.0136 Tw (though incomplete, should encourage purchasers and developers to undertake brownfield projects \(Hird) Tj T* -0.006 Tc 0 Tw (2002\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.009 Tc 0.009 Tw (Overall, this legislation should increase the reuse and redevelopment of brownfields sites by) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0111 Tc 0.0111 Tw (providing new funding mechanisms for eligible entities and additional liability protections for real estate) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0121 Tc 0.0121 Tw (purchasers and developers \(Howard 2002\). The liability protection provisions of this new legislation) Tj T* -0.023 Tc 0.023 Tw (may alter the way that buyers and sellers deal with real estate and related transactions. For example, to) Tj T* -0.0164 Tc 0.0164 Tw (maximize the applicability of the prospective purchaser provisions, new buyers will likely be much more) Tj T* -0.0172 Tc 0.0172 Tw (careful in developing a \223baseline\224 to demonstrate that the contamination occurred entirely before the) Tj T* -0.0161 Tc 0.0161 Tw (acquisition. It also should be recognized that there are plenty of \223soft\224 words throughout the legislation) Tj T* -0.0167 Tc 0.0167 Tw (that may spawn litigation in the future \(Howard 2002\).) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.0151 Tw (The future is looking brighter for some Silver Valley communities, and not only from potentially) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0112 Tc 0.0112 Tw (reduced Superfund liability that should encourage new businesses. For example, in 2004 the EPA will) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0159 Tc 0.0159 Tw (provide the largest single grant of Superfund money in the nation \($15 million\) to help Kellogg) Tj T* -0.0093 Tc 0.0093 Tw (transform into a four-season destination resort. Eagle Crest Communities, owner and operator of the) Tj T* -0.0043 Tc 0.0043 Tw (Silver Mountain ski area, will spend $10.5 million to build a golf course, 1000 housing units, and a 140-) Tj T* -0.0126 Tc 0.0126 Tw (acre light industrial park \(Geranios 2003\). ) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0137 Tc 0.0137 Tw (In addition, the first steps for approval of federal assistance funds have been taken to help Wallace) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0114 Tc 0.0114 Tw (upgrade the historic Pulaski Trail. During the 1910 fires that swept through the Coeur d\222Alene and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.011 Tc 0.011 Tw (Bitterroot Mountains in 幸运快三 and Montana, at least 85 people died and one-third of Wallace burned to) Tj T* -0.0137 Tc 0.0137 Tw (the ground. During this episode, often called the Big Blowup, U.S. Forest Service Ranger Ed Pulaski) Tj T* -0.0189 Tc 0.0189 Tw (saved the lives of 38 of his crew by herding them into a mine entrance near Wallace as flames engulfed) Tj T* -0.0286 Tc 0.0286 Tw (the area. Later he invented a firefighting tool widely used today, a hybrid axe and mattock called a) Tj T* -0.0075 Tc 0.0075 Tw (Pulaski. Reconstruction of the trail and mine entrance are the first elements in a plan that includes) Tj T* -0.007 Tc 0.007 Tw (developing a National Wildfire Education Center and Museum in Wallace or Silverton \(Pulaski Project) Tj T* -0.006 Tc 0.006 Tw (2003\). ) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0112 Tc 0.0112 Tw (Prospective purchasers and operators of businesses in Superfund sites, like the Silver Valley, would) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.02 Tc 0.02 Tw (be well advised to seek legal counsel regarding Superfund cleanup liability. The Brownfields Act) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0126 Tc 0.0126 Tw (provisions described herein may provide significant relief from the otherwise burdensome liability) Tj T* -0.0126 Tc 0.0126 Tw (scheme of Superfund law.) Tj ET endstream endobj 44 0 obj 5143 endobj 41 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 42 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F2 12 0 R /F3 23 0 R /F4 25 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 43 0 R >> endobj 46 0 obj << /Length 47 0 R >> stream BT 54 745.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (7 ) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc (!) Tj 165 0 TD /F4 11.04 Tf 0.0139 Tc -0.0139 Tw (Superfund Liability Reform in 2002) Tj 314.16 0 TD /F3 12.48 Tf -0.0442 Tc 0 Tw (!) Tj 8.28 0 TD /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc ( 7) Tj ET 54 742.08 504.12 1.08 re f BT 256.92 704.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0232 Tc 0.0008 Tw (References Cited) Tj -202.92 -28.08 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0094 Tc 0.0094 Tw (Associated Builders and Contractors \(ABC\). 2003. Superfund/Brownfields. Arlington, VA. Available) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.0071 Tw (online at http://147.208.25.192/documents/superfund03.pdf \(accessed July 2003\).) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0181 Tc 0.0181 Tw (Brendel, J.R. 2002. New brownfields law reforms Superfund liability. Thorp, Reed & Armstrong LLP,) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0099 Tc 0.0099 Tw (Pittsburgh, PA. Available online at www.thorpreed.com/legalnews.html \(accessed September 2003\).) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0207 Tc 0.0207 Tw (Bromm, S.E. 2003. Interim guidance regarding criteria landowners must meet in order to qualify for) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.014 Tc 0.014 Tw (bona fide prospective purchaser, contiguous property owner, or innocent landowner limitations on) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0114 Tc 0.0114 Tw (CERCLA liability \(\223common elements\224\). Memorandum, March 6, U.S. Environmental Protection) Tj T* -0.0154 Tc 0.0154 Tw (Agency, Washington, DC. Available online at www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/policies/cleanup/) Tj T* -0.0137 Tc 0.0137 Tw (superfund/common-elem-guide.pdf \(accessed September 2003\).) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.021 Tc 0.021 Tw (DeLong, J.V. 1997. ) Tj 97.32 0 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.005 Tc 0.005 Tw (Superfund XVII: The Pathology of Environmental Policy.) Tj 275.4 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.0029 Tc -0.0029 Tw ( Competitive Enterprise) Tj -354.72 -14.16 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.0136 Tw (Institute, Washington, DC. Available online at www.cei.org/gencon/025,01197.cfm \(Accessed) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.008 Tc 0.008 Tw (September 2003\). ) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0086 Tc 0.0086 Tw (Geranios, N.K. 2003. Silver Valley looks for a silver lining: feds throw in with residents to turn mining) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0099 Tc 0.0099 Tw (center into tourist mecca. ) Tj 124.08 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0.006 Tc -0.006 Tw (Lewiston Morning Tribune) Tj 129.48 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0086 Tc 0.0086 Tw (, August 3, p. 1E.) Tj -271.56 -14.16 TD -0.0087 Tc 0.0087 Tw (Helmstetter, C.H., and B.E. Schiller. 2002. Superfund reform shields small contributors and encourages) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0271 Tc 0.0271 Tw (brownfields buyers. Spencer Fane Britt & Browne LLP, St. Louis, MO. Available online at) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0133 Tc 0.0133 Tw (www.spencerfane.com/content/content/145.asp \(accessed August 2003\).) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0064 Tc 0.0064 Tw (Hird, D.B. 2002. Memorandum to Real Estate Roundtable re the Brownfields Revitalization and) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0103 Tc 0.0103 Tw (Environmental Restoration Act of 2001. Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, Washington, DC. Available) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.0096 Tw (online at http://rer.org/media/newsreleases/reformbill.cfm \(accessed June 2003\).) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0127 Tc 0.0127 Tw (Howard, L.P. 2002. New brownfields legislation and superfund reform: New funding and liability) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.008 Tc 0.008 Tw (protections available. ) Tj 105.48 0 TD /F4 12 Tf -0.0131 Tc 0.0131 Tw (The Administrative Watch) Tj 125.04 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0069 Tc 0.0069 Tw ( 4\(1\); Babst, Calland, Clements & Zomnir, PC,) Tj -230.52 -14.16 TD -0.0072 Tc 0.0072 Tw (Pittsburgh, PA. Available online at www.bccz.com/publications_fram.html \(accessed August 2003\).) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.011 Tc 0.011 Tw (Meltz, R. 2002. \223Innocent landowners\224 and \223prospective purchasers\224 in the Superfund Act. RS21167,) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0203 Tc 0.0203 Tw (Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Available online at) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0127 Tc 0.0127 Tw (www.cnie.org/nle/crsreports/waste/waste-37.pdf \(accessed June 2003\).) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0148 Tc 0.0148 Tw (Mortgage Bankers Association of America \(MBAA\). 2002. MBAA issue paper: Environmental issues.) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0123 Tc 0.0123 Tw (Available online at www.mbaa.org/library/isp/2002_5/03_03.html \(accessed September 2003\).) Tj -18 -14.16 TD -0.0159 Tc 0.0159 Tw (National Association of Industrial and Office Properties \(NAIOP\). 2003. Government affairs:) Tj 18 -14.16 TD -0.0087 Tc 0.0087 Tw (Brownfields & brownfields remediation tax. Washington, DC. 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